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Category: General Health Advice

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Sleeping: Should You Aim for Better Quantity or Quality?

Sleeping allows your body and mind to recharge, leaving you refreshed and alert when you wake up. We always hear people saying that getting enough sleep is important for your body, but how much sleep is enough sleep? And should you go for quantity or quality?

How much sleep do you need?

Here’s how much kids and adults need, on average according to the CDC:

An average adult needs 7-9 hours of sleep. Getting enough sleep within the recommended hour lowers the mortality risk. When you don’t get enough sleep, your mortality risk increases.  

To put it in another way, the shorter you sleep, the shorter your life.

But what’s even more amazing, the amount of sleep and mortality risk is not directly proportional. This means that getting more sleep above a certain threshold would not necessarily lower your mortality risk.

In fact, once you get past the 9 hours benchmark, your mortality risk rises.

Scientists have come up with 2 different theories relating to this.

The first is, in those studies, the individuals suffering from significant disease and illness try to sleep longer. Hence, it might be that actually, the disease triggers a response in those individuals to sleep more.

The second possible explanation is the poor quality of sleep. The mortality risk is also associated with sleep quality and is independent of sleep quantity. Thus, the lower your quality of sleep, the higher your mortality risk.

Moreover, people who have poor sleep quality often will try to compensate with longer sleep. Thus, it might be that having a poor quality of sleep will cause you to sleep longer. This is then associated with a higher risk of mortality. 

Improve your sleep quality and quantity

To improve your sleep quality and quantity, try practising the following tips:

  1. Work out daily
  2. Eat more fiber
  3. Avoid caffeine at least 7 hours before bed
  4. Create relaxing bedtime routine
  5. Create a comfortable sleep environment
  6. Listen to white and pink noise

By doing these steps, it can help you wind down in the evening and prepare for sleep.

In this modernity where people are pushing themselves to work long hours and sometimes neglect sleep, it might be a great idea if we start prioritizing our sleep so that one day we will be able to enjoy the fruits of all the hard labour.

For more articles, visit Mayflax.

References

  1. https://www.sleepfoundation.org/how-sleep-works/why-do-we-need-sleep
  2. https://casper.com/blog/how-to-increase-deep-sleep/
  3. https://www.cdc.gov/sleep/about_sleep/how_much_sleep.html

About the Author

Nina Manaf

Nina Manaf

A registered pharmacist in Mayflax, one of the nation's leading healthcare and marketing companies.
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Leptospirosis in Malaysia: “The Great Mimicker”

Leptospirosis contributes to over 1.03 million cases annually with 58,900 reported deaths globally. As a matter of fact, Southeast Asia has the second highest cases of Leptospirosis.

This figure may be understated due to a lack of updated and reliable data on leptospirosis infection in many countries.

What is Leptospirosis?

Leptospirosis is an animal-borne disease. It is caused by a bacterium called Leptospira interrogans, a highly motile and aerobic spirochete.

Typically, wild and domestic animals such as rodents, cattle and wild animals may carry the bacterium in their kidneys.

Cause of Prevalence in Malaysia

The first ever human case of severe Leptospirosis in Malaysia was in 1927.

Since Malaysia is located near the equator, Malaysia harbors a suitable environment for the progression of this bacterium.

Moreover, factors such as occupation, animal contact, adventure travel, and lack of sanitation contributes to the spread Leptospirosis.

How do you get Leptosprosis?

Leptospirosis may be spread through the urine of infected animals, which can get into water or soil. Leptospira interrogans can even survive there for weeks to months.

Contact with urine from infected animals can infect humans. This includes indirect contact, such as from soil, food and, also water infected with the urine.

The bacterium enters into the body through the breaks of skin, such as scratches as well as open wounds.

Additionally, it can also get into a person through the nose, mouth or genitals.

Signs & Symptoms

Leptospirosis is also known as “The Great Mimicker” because patients infected with this disease may mimic symptoms of other unrelated infections, such as hepatitis as well as dengue.

Symptoms includes:

  • High fever
  • Headache
  • Chills
  • Muscle aches
  • Jaundice (yellow skin and eyes)
  • Red eyes
  • Abdominal pain
  • Diarrhea
  • Rash

Treatment

According to National Antibiotic Guideline Malaysia (2019), leptospirosis can be treated with oral antibiotics such as doxycycline and penicillin.

It is advisable to give an early treatment of antibiotics in the course of the disease. Patients with severe symptoms may require intravenous antibiotics.

Pain management medications such as Paracetamol or Ibuprofen can treat fever and pain.

Ways to prevent and control

In Malaysia, the main cause of leptospirosis are environmental, occupational and, also behavioural factors. Thus, several actions may help in combating this infection.

1. Health education

Organizing public awareness campaign can help in creating awareness. Moreover, this approach also helps to deliver important messages as well as motivate them to take preventive actions.

2. Risk assessment of possible contaminated water sources/bodies

Authority should assess possibly contaminated areas. Additionally, posting warning signage can help to notify public of the hazard of the contaminated area.

3.  Public behavioural prevention

Persons with occupational and recreational exposure to potentially contaminated water or soil should also wear protective clothing. Additionally, protecting open wounds with a waterproof dressing and immediately washing the exposed area with clean water can help to reduce the chances of infection from leptospirosis.

For more articles, visit Mayflax here.

Reference

  1. GUIDELINES FOR THE DIAGNOSIS, MANAGEMENT, PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF LEPTOSPIROSIS IN MALAYSIA (2011)
  2. NATIONAL ANTIBIOTIC GUIDELINES MALAYSIA (2019)

About the Author

Nina Manaf

Nina Manaf

A registered pharmacist in Mayflax, one of the nation's leading healthcare and marketing companies.
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Improving Adherence Through Counselling

Improving patients’ adherence has been a challenge for healthcare workers. Nonadherence is a complex and tough issue. Consequently, it can cause poor clinical outcomes and contribute to poor quality of life.

As such, interventions must be done to educate as well as to motivate patients.

There are many reasons for non-adherence. Some of them include, patients not believing that the medication is necessary, accidentally take more or less than prescribed and even completely forget to take them altogether.

To improve this, healthcare professionals must utilize communication and behavioral strategies such as counselling.

It should be noted that counselling should be personalized to each patient. This is because each patient has different causes and reasons for non-adherence.

Although counselling can assess a patient’s adherence, there are still a few limitations. A patient may lie about taking his or her medications on time or may even blatantly refuse to cooperate.

As such, instead of using traditional counselling methods, try practising counselling that empathizes with the patient’s intrinsic motivation. The approach to counselling should be easily understood and supportive of the patient’s needs. Listed below are a few pieces of advice towards improving patient’s adherence rates.

1. Avoid using medical jargon

Instead of saying “Take this to treat your hypertension”, try saying “Let’s try this for your high blood pressure.”

2. Avoid judgement-centered question

Instead of asking “You’ve been taking all of your pills in your therapy regimen, right?”, say “How many pills in your therapy regimen would you say you missed this week?”

3. Assist patient in setting medication-taking goals

You can do this by asking “Which strategy seems like something you could try to increase our statin taking?”

4. Be clear about the benefit of the medicine

For example, you can say “If you take your diabetes medicines and control your blood sugar, you may not need to have your eyeglass prescription changed as often.”

To summarize, improving medication adherence improves patient’s confidence to manage their illness.

Indeed, counselling together with other interventions help to improve patients’ medication knowledge and also adherence.

Evidently, asking the right questions can also help make a real difference.

For more articles like this, visit Mayflax.

References

  1. Costa E, Giardini A, Savin M, et al. Interventional tools to improve medication adherence: review of literature. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2015;9:1303–1314.
  2. https://www.aafp.org/fpm/2016/0900/p52.html#fpm20160900p52-b1
  3. https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/patient-counseling-approaches-to-enhance-medication-adherence

About the Author

Nina Manaf

Nina Manaf

A registered pharmacist in Mayflax, one of the nation's leading healthcare and marketing companies.
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Anti-microbial Resistance: A Global Threat

Anti-microbial resistance has long been a serious global public threat. It happens when bacteria, viruses and fungi no longer respond to medicines due to mutations.

This makes it harder to treat the disease thus causing severe illness and death.

The discovery of antibiotics by Sir Alexander Fleming in 1928, has helped save millions of lives from infectious diseases.

However, as people build antibiotic resistance, it is estimated that the annual death toll may reach 10 million by 2050.

This will also negatively affect the economy as treating antibiotic resistance comes with a high cost.

What’s more worrying is that, since the 1980s, there has been no major new class of antimicrobial. This will severely restrict future therapeutic options.

How It Happens

This crisis happens due to several factors. The first is the overuse of these medications.

Studies have shown that in 30% to 50% of the cases that the usage of antibiotics are prescribed incorrectly whether it is due to :

  • treatment of indication
  • choice of agent
  • duration of antibiotic therapy

Another reason is the improper usage of antibiotics as anti-microbial resistance may occur when patients do not take their medications as prescribed.

This includes stopping treatment as soon as they feel a little better or using leftover antibiotics for another illness. This can lead to antibiotic resistance.

In other words, those that don’t follow the prescribed course of the antibiotics would build anti-microbial resistance.

Another factor is that antibiotic developments by large pharmaceutical companies are not a profitable investment.

This is because antibiotics are used for a short period and are not as profitable as drugs treating chronic conditions.

This means there will be fewer innovations in the antibiotic classes of medications.

Several actions can prevent anti-microbial resistance. Such as:

1. Public awareness and Education

Organizing public awareness program can help in increasing awareness. Another method is to include specific antibiotic labelling as well as counselling regarding the proper usage of antibiotics.

2. Appropriate Use of Anti-microbials

Optimize the use of anti-microbial medicines. These medications should only be prescribed when indicated.

3. Infection Prevention and Control

Reduce the incidence of infection through effective sanitation, hygiene and infection prevention measures.

These efforts aim to ultimately reduce unnecessary and inappropriate consumption of anti-microbial medicines. All in all, efforts from all parties can help in preserving the efficacy of these precious drugs for the present and future generations.

For more articles like this, visit Mayflax.

References:

  1. Malaysian Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance (MyAP-AMR) 2017-2021
  2. https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/combating-antibiotic-resistance
  3. https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/q-a.html
  4. Ventola C. L. (2015). The antibiotic resistance crisis: part 1: causes and threats. P & T : a peer-reviewed journal for formulary management, 40(4), 277–283

About the Author

Nina Manaf

Nina Manaf

A registered pharmacist in Mayflax, one of the nation's leading healthcare and marketing companies.
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Generic and original drug: What is the difference?

Generic or original?

What is generic drug and what is original drug? An original brand drug or innovator drug is simply the first drug created containing a specific active ingredient to receive approval for use.

In addition, its efficacy, safety and quality have been fully established.

As opposed to original drug, generic drug is mainly a drug with the same active ingredient to its innovator drug and also have the same efficacy, safety and quality.

Common myths about generic drug

  • Generic drug is not as safe as its original drug
  • It is not as effective as innovator
  • It takes longer time to act in the body

A drug must comply to three major factors, Efficacy, Safety and Quality.

There is no truth in the myths surrounding generic drugs.

This is because firstly, generic drugs use the same active ingredients as the innovator drugs.

Though it may appear differently in terms of colour or appearance, it does not affect the major factors; Efficacy, Safety and Quality.

Secondly, the Drug Control Authority (DCA) imposes a stringent evaluation procedure that generic pharmaceutical manufacturers have to follow.

These products have to undergo bioequivalent (BE) studies to ensure its therapeutic effect is interchangeable to its innovator drug.

Not only does this rule apply to generic drugs produced from local pharmaceutical manufacturer companies, but even to generic drugs imported internationally.

Why do I feel original drug works better than generic drugs?

As mentioned before, generic drugs have different appearance than its innovator drugs. This in turn may cause a certain perception about the quality and efficacy of the drug, either positive or negative.

Oddly enough, perception plays a role in the way the drug works in our body.

So, it may be simply because of wrong perception of this drug.

Researches analyzing reports from scientific databases MEDLINE and EMBASE found that even though 60% of the studies reported no difference between the drugs, people taking generic medicine have higher risk of hospital visits.

However, it is important to note that the studies only show a correlation, not the effect of generic drug.

Generally, people with lower socioeconomic status tend to have worse healthcare outcomes.

They are also more likely to choose generic drugs due to its lower cost.

Additionally, the study’s researchers also state that a firm conclusion cannot be drawn due to insufficient evidence.

drug cost

But why does generic drugs cost less than original brands?

Before understanding this issue, we must first understand that the process of developing new drug is not only expensive, it is also lengthy.

The processes involve synthesis, chemical identification and purification of the chemical, development into a pharmaceutical dosage form and lastly, testing and trials.

All of this may take up to 15 years with total expenditure estimated to be up to US$1bil (RM3.6bil).

The manufacturer is granted a patent for a few years, typically 5 to 15 years.

During this period, they are given the exclusivity to manufacture and market the drug.

Understandably, the cost of the innovator drug during this monopoly period tend to be high.

Soon as the patent period ends, manufacturers of generic medicines will then manufacture the generic form of the drug.

By skipping the whole extensive process mentioned, generic manufacturers are able to produce the drug chemically with shorter duration and significantly less costly.

Moreover, there will be multiple manufacturers for generic drugs. Thus, creating competition in the market and resulting in lower price.

In relation to above mentioned, Mayflax is an established pharmaceutical wholesaler providing a wide variety of medications, whether original or generic. Click here to learn more!

References

https://www.fda.gov/drugs/generic-drugs/generic-drug-facts

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/brand-and-generic-drugs#which-is-better

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Better Adherence, Better Clinical Outcome

World Health Organization (WHO) describes medication adherence as “the degree to which the person’s behaviour corresponds with the agreed recommendations from a health care provider”.

To conclude, it refers to the willingness of patient to take their medications as prescribed and whether they want to continue to take the medications as prescribed.

Although Malaysia is ranked among the top in the world for its healthcare system and Malaysians are provided with great and accessible healthcare, only a small number of patients achieve optimal control for this disease.

Evidently, a majority of people in Malaysia do not adhere to their long term medications.

  • 4.7 million patients have adherence issue for high cholesterol medications
  • 2.1 million patients have adherence issue for diabetic medications
  • 3 million patients have adherence issue for hypertension medications

As a matter of fact, a study by Hassali et al. concluded a high return rate for unused medication in government hospital.

The study calculated the cost of returned unused medication was about RM42.35/patient. In other words, the estimation cost across Malaysia may total up to millions Ringgit per year.

Relationship between adherence and long-term disease

Patients are advised to adhere to their medications. Evidently, this may help to reduce the progression of their disease and achieve optimal control.

According to WHO, increasing adherence may have greater effect on health than improvements in specific medical therapy.

On the contrary, low adherence may result in faster progression of disease.

Therefore, this may contribute to high healthcare costs, poor treatment outcome and poor quality of life.

So, why don’t people take their medications as directed?

There are several reasons why patients don’t take their medications such as :

  • Forgetfulness
  • Complex regimen
  • Lack of understanding of the disease
  • Patient do not experience symptoms of the disease
  • Medication cost

Improving adherence

Many interventions have been carried out, aiming to improve medication adherence. These can be classified into different categories, for example:

  1. Technical intervention

    Special packaging such as pill box
    Dosage simplification

  2. Behavioural intervention

    Reminders such as reminder by SMS or alarm

  3. Educational

    Educating patient about the disease

  4. Social support

    Buddy system

  5. Structural intervention

    Disease management program

Hence, there are multiple strategies that can be applied to prevent this issue.

Medication adherence is not the sole responsibility of patients.

In conclusion, physicians and patient must work hand-in-hand to identify the key factor of poor compliance to combat this issue.

If you are a general practitioner starting your own practice, we at Mayflax offer to help you to save on buying pharmaceutical products. Click here to learn more.

Reference:

American Heart Association. Medication adherence–taking your meds as directed.

Aziz, H., Hatah, E., Makmor-Bakry, M. et al. Qualitative exploration of the modifiable factors for medication adherence among subsidised and self-paying patients in Malaysia.

Hassali MA, Supian A, Ibrahim MI, Al-Qazaz HK, Al-Haddad M, Salee F, et al. The characteristics of drug wastage at the hospital, Tuanku Jaafar Seremban, Malaysia: a descriptive study.

World Health Organization. Adherence to long-term therapies: Evidence for action [Updated 2003]

About the Author

Nina Manaf

Nina Manaf

A registered pharmacist in Mayflax, one of the nation's leading healthcare and marketing companies.
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Can Depression Be Cured?

Depression is a medical illness that negatively affects how you feel, the way you think and how you act. 

Depression is different from being sad. So, can depression be cured?

Although depression can be cured with time, it depends on the type and severity of the depression. 

The first step towards getting over this disease is to have a better understanding of its causes.

Symptoms

There are many types of depression. Major depressive disorder(MDD) is the most common form of depression. Symptoms include:

  • Loss of interest in activities you once enjoyed
  • Feeling fatigued
  • Changes in weight or appetite
  • Sleeping issues
  • Trouble in making decisions, thinking, and concentrating

Usually, symptoms persist for at least two weeks before a person is diagnosed with MDD.

Medications

Antidepressants can alleviate the symptoms of depression. They help you feel better and prevent relapses. 

It is important to note that antidepressants do not cure depression but merely alleviate the symptoms. 

They work by generating more serotonin in the brain. 

Moreover, it takes at least 4 to 6 weeks to work. So, you have to take the medications regularly.

Lifestyle Changes

Besides taking medications, certain lifestyle changes can also be made. 

One way is to avoid alcohol. Alcohol is a temporary fix people use to escape from reality and it does not treat the underlying problem.

Another way is to remain physically active and maintain a balanced diet. Regular exercise increases endorphins which will help to relieve depression.

Getting enough sleep may help your body to recover itself both mentally and physically. 

Other than managing your lifestyle, getting consultation and treatment from the right healthcare professionals can also help.

Importance of Treatment

Taking medications while maintaining a healthy lifestyle help to combat depression. 

It is important to take medications as a short-term relief measure while working on longer-term lifestyle changes.

Here at Mayflax, we provide drugs for almost every ailment. We also provide fast and efficient delivery. You can click here to know more about our service.

REFERENCES

  1. https://www.healthline.com/health/depression/help-for-depression#other-resources
  2.  https://www.verywellmind.com/can-depression-stop-without-treatment-1067582
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How Lifestyle Is Linked With Heart Disease

Did you know that heart disease is the leading cause of death in Malaysia for both men and women? 

Those who have the conditions listed below should pay attention to maintain a healthy lifestyle.

Health Conditions Which Increase Risk of Heart Disease

  • High Blood Pressure

Uncontrolled blood pressure can affect the heart and lead to heart disease.

  • Diabetes

Diabetes is a condition when blood glucose is too high. 

  • High cholesterol level

High cholesterol level increases the risk of plaque formation,  forcing your heart to pump harder.

  • Obesity

Obesity means you have excess fat in your body. Excess weight usually worsens health conditions.

One of the ways to live a healthy lifestyle is to have a healthy diet. Having a healthy diet would prevent obesity, high blood pressure and uncontrolled diabetes.

Hence, it is important to live a healthy lifestyle that would reduce the risk of heart disease.

You can also maintain a healthy lifestyle by maintaining the following behaviours.

Behaviour That Increases Heart Disease

Physical inactivity may cause you to have high blood pressure, diabetes, and obesity.

Excess consumption of alcohol also may increase the risk of getting heart disease and increase blood pressure. Besides, alcohol also contains a fatty substance called triglyceride which may increase the risk for heart disease.

Is Heart Disease Hereditary?

Genetic factors may contribute to high blood pressure and heart disease. Heredity following an unhealthy lifestyle would compound the risk of getting heart disease.

The risk of getting heart disease also increases as you age.

If you fall in the high-risk category of getting heart disease, you should focus on maintaining a healthy lifestyle and talk to your doctor.

If you need to procure heart medications, try Mayflax. Mayflax has over 25 years of experience in supplying pharmaceutical products. You can sign up here or find out more about us here.

REFERENCES

  1. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/heart-healthy-living
  2. https://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/risk_factors.htm
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Osteoarthritis: Signs & Symptoms, Complications and Prevention

Osteoarthritis affects millions of people worldwide. It occurs when the protective cartilage, cushioning the ends of the bones, wears down over time.

Although this disease can damage any joint, the most commonly affected joints are the knees, hands, hips, and spine.

Signs & Symptoms

Signs & symptoms of osteoarthritis may develop slowly and worsens over time. Examples include :

  • Pain: During movements, the affected joint might get hurt.
  • Swelling: Inflammation around the joint causes this condition.
  • Loss of flexibility: The joint is unable to move.
  • Crepitus: Grating, crackling as well as popping sounds sensation occurs due to presence of air under the skin or joint. Roughening of the normally smooth surfaces inside the joint consequently, cause this sensation.

If you have any of the symptoms above, make an appointment to see a doctor.

Risk Factors

As you get older, you are at a higher risk of osteoarthritis. Women, however, are more likely to get it.

Moreover, being obese adds stress to the joint and thus, may increase the risk this disease. 

This disease can also be hereditary.

Complications

Over time, osteoarthritis may worsen. Joint pain and stiffness might become severe enough to make daily tasks difficult.  Hence, this may cause some people to be unable to perform daily tasks.

Can It be Prevented?

Osteoarthritis can’t be fully prevented. However, you can try reducing the risk by reducing stress on the joints. For example:

  • Maintaining a healthy body weight

Extra weight can cause stress on the joints. Additionally, extra fat will also cause changes in the cartilage.

  • Control your blood sugar

High blood sugar level increases the risk for osteoarthritis.

  • Be active every day

Exercise not only can prevent joint problems by keeping joints from getting stiff, but it can also keep muscles strong.

In a nutshell, prevention and treatment of osteoarthritis are possible. Here at Mayflax, we provide various types of drugs for various diseases. Contact us here to get to know us better

REFERENCES

  1. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/osteoarthritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351925
  2. https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=1&contentid=1411
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Antibiotics: Basic Information About The Miracle Drug

Antibiotics are powerful drugs, used to fight infections. In fact, if they are properly used, they can even save lives. 

Normally, our immune system can kill bacteria infecting our body. But in certain cases, the number of harmful bacteria is excessive. So, our immune system is not able to fight off the infection. 

Thus, this is where antibiotics play their role.

They work either by destroying or preventing bacteria from reproducing. 

How Antibiotics Work

Antibiotics work either by bactericidal or bacteriostatic. 

Bactericidal means that it kills bacteria by interfering with the formation of the bacterial cell wall or the cell contents whereas, bacteriostatic means it works by stopping the bacteria from multiplying.

Classification of Antibiotics

There are a few classes of antibiotics, each works in different ways. Here are the main classes and the examples:

Class Examples
Penicillins Amoxicillin
Cephalosporins Cephalexin
Macrolides Erythromycin, Azithromycin
Fluoroquinolones Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin,
Sulfonamides Cotrimoxazole
Tetracyclines Doxycycline
Aminoglycosides Gentamicin

Antibiotics can be taken either by mouth or injection and they usually work a few hours after it is taken. 

Some antibiotics have to be taken before food and some have to be taken after food. So, you should follow the direction given by your doctor or pharmacist. 

Usually, the duration of treatment is around 5 to 14 days. However, it depends on the type of infection you are treating. 

Although you might feel better before finishing the treatment course, you should not stop taking the medication before the course has finished. Doing so might cause resistance to future treatments.

Nevertheless, your doctor will decide the duration of treatment and what’s the best antibiotic for you.

Side Effects

There are many common side effects of this drug, such as:

  • Diarrhoea
  • Stomachache
  • In women, vaginal yeast infections

There are also uncommon side effects, such as:

  • Abnormal blood clotting
  • Sensitivity to sunlight
  • Deafness

So, if you experience these side effects, do not discontinue treatment. Instead, get your doctors advice immediately.

Antibiotic Resistance

50 years ago, Staphylococcus Aureus was very sensitive towards penicillin.

Over time, the bacteria mutate, producing an enzyme that can break down penicillin and consequently, the drug became ineffective. In fact, this phenomenon is called antibiotic resistance. 

To clarify, it happens when bacteria mutate, developing the ability to fight against drugs used to kill them.

Consequently, certain infections cannot be treated effectively. Mutation, however, can be caused by overuse or incorrect use of this drug.

In conclusion, this miracle drug is important to treat infectious diseases. Since resistance can develop, take this medication only with the doctor’s supervision.

Here at Mayflax provide various types of drugs. Find out more about our services.

REFERENCES

  1. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/10278#what-are-antibiotics
  2. https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/about.html
  3. https://www.healthline.com/health/how-do-antibiotics-work#uses

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